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Final-obstruent devoicing
Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Russian, Turkish, and Wolof. In such languages, voiced obstruents become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in pausa.
==Dutch and Afrikaans==
In Dutch and Afrikaans, terminal devoicing results in homophones such as ''hard'' 'hard' and ''hart'' 'heart' as well as differences in consonant sounds between the singular and plural forms of nouns, for example ''golf–golven'' (Dutch) and ''golf–golwe'' (Afrikaans) for 'wave–waves'.
The history of the devoicing phenomenon within the West Germanic languages is not entirely clear, but the discovery of a runic inscription from the early fifth century that suggests that this terminal devoicing〔B. Mees, (''The Bergakker inscription and the beginnings of Dutch'' ), in: Amsterdamer beiträge zur älteren Germanistik: Band 56- 2002, edited by Erika Langbroek, Annelies Roeleveld, Paula Vermeyden, Arend Quak, Published by Rodopi, 2002, ISBN 90-420-1579-9, ISBN 978-90-420-1579-1〕 originated in Frankish. Of the old West Germanic languages, Old Dutch, a descendant of Frankish, is the earliest to show any kind of devoicing, and final devoicing also occurred in Frankish-influenced Old French.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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